Structures consisting of Cables and membranes have been of interest to engineers due to their higher ratio of strength to weight and lower cost compared to other structures. One of the challenges in such structures is presence of holes in membranes, which leads to non-uniform stress and strain distributions, even under uniform far-field deformations. One of the approaches suggested for controlling this non-uniformity is reinforcing the hole edge using a Cable, such that stretch changes near the hole are minimized compared to that of the far field in the membrane. In this study, considering an optimization problem, it is illustrated that for different geometries and stretch ratios in a biaxial loading of the membrane, a suitable Cable of varying stiffness can be chosen such that stretch non-uniformity in the membrane is minimum, thus presenting a state of a pseudo-neutral hole in the membrane. The presented form of parametric Functionally Graded Cable and the optimization problem solved for a couple of hole shapes show that the Cable can induce a state of close to uniform stretch distribution for certain values of far field stretch ratios, it also proves effective for a range of such a ratio. Relative non-uniformity indices as low as 2 percent are achieved from optimization.

In this paper a Functional Graded material (FGM) thermal barrier coating (TBC) is prepared using Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) method. The FGM layers were deposited by varying the feeding ratio of CYSZ/NiCrAlY and conventional CYSZ on a NiCrALY-coated Inconel 738 substrates. Hot corrosion behavior, bonding strength and the related failure mechanisms of a conventional TBC and a FGM TBC are investigated. Hot corrosion studies were conducted in presence of 45% Na2SO4+ 55% V2O5 molten salt at 1000 oC temperature. The as-sprayed coatings and heat-treated coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Exposing to hot corrosion test, the FGM TBC showed better chemical stability and higher life service in comparison to the conventional TBC. As a result, Functional Graded material thermal barrier coating exhibited very promising potential as a novel TBC material.

Functionally Graded materials are the novel class of advanced composite structures with variable properties in one or more directions. The mechanical properties of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) such as Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus of elasticity, material density and shear modulus of elasticity undergo changes gradually and continuously between two surfaces in a predetermined manner. FGM structures are often made of a combination of ceramics and metals in which the metal component provides strength and fracture resistance while ceramic component provides thermal resistance. Due to desirable properties, FGM materials are used in various fields of engineering such as optics, electronics, space vehicles, shipbuilding, mechanical, biomechanical and other engineering structures subjected to high thermal and residual stresses. Therefore, the analytical study of thermoelastodynamic problems is of great importance for the Functionally Graded media. The use of potential functions to analyze three-dimensional elastic problems is one of the most effective methods. This method facilitates solving three-dimensional elastic problems by uncoupling the set of governing differential equations or at least simplifying them. In the present study, the displacement potential functions for solving thermoelastodynamic problems in the transversely isotropic media with Functionally Graded materials are introduced. For this purpose, first, the three-dimensional kinematic and thermodynamic equations for the Functionally Graded materials in the transversely isotropic materials are written and then using a systematic method to separate the equations, the displacement potential functions to solve thermoelastodynamic problems are obtained, which can be used further to solve problems of beams, plates, shells, and infinite and semi-infinite media. The obtained potential functions include two scalar functions F and χ; the scalar function F satisfies the sixth-order partial differential equation while the χ-scalar function satisfies the second-order partial differential equation. In addition, in the present study, the thermal potential functions for the specific state of the isotropic Functional Graded media are presented.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

Cable bridges are one of the most advanced bridge construction systems. With the expansion of the pre-tensioning industry in bridges in the years after World War II, the construction of this type of bridge, which covered longer spans, flourished. So that by choosing the correct shape of the Cables, you can save a lot of costs in the construction of Cable stairs. The arrangement of the Cables, etc. was discussed. Examination of about 40 samples of Cable steps and the following results were obtained: Most Cable-stayed bridges are Cable-stayed bridges and the fewest Cable-stayed bridges are suspended. The most common type of deck used in bridges is about 67% aerodynamic and about 33% is built by trusses. The Cables used were inverted y-type and the fewest masts used to build Cable-stayed bridges were of the Viand Yel frame type. Were vertical and the least of them were diagonal Cables.

Let G be a monoid with identity e. In this paper, first we introduce the notions of G-Graded hyperrings, Graded hyperideals and Graded hyperfieldsin the sense of Krasner hyperring R. Also, we define the notion of a greded R-hypermodules and some examples are presented. Then we investigate Graded maximal, Graded prime and Graded primary hyper-ideals of a Graded hyperring R. Finally, we study Graded maximal, Graded prime and Graded primary subhypermodules of a Graded R-hypermodule M and some interesting results on these concepts are given.

The tension forces of Cables in Cable-stayed bridges during their construction and operation may differ from initial conditions, which could affect the amount and distribution of internal forces on other parts of the bridge. If some bridge elements are loaded to their yield limits, alternating plasticity and incremental collapse could occur under moving and repeated loading. This study investigated the effect of the initial tension force on the stiffness, strength, shakedown limit load, and alternating plasticity of Cable-stayed bridges, which has not been studied so far. Two case study bridge models with Cables having different initial forces were tested using nonlinear static analysis under gravitational force and nonlinear dynamic analysis under transient moving loads. The results showed that changes in the initial Cable forces did not change the initial stiffness, ultimate strength, shakedown limit, alternating plasticity, or bridge reliability. These results were theoretically validated using plastic analysis theorems. This paper presents a new construction method for Cable-stayed bridges based on the finding that adjusting the Cable tension to the design value is not necessary during construction and operation. This method eliminates the need for tension adjustment and ensures that the final geometric shape of the bridge matches the expected profile. The proposed method offers a simpler and more efficient approach to constructing Cable-stayed bridges without compromising the safety and durability of the structure.